CLASS-12-CHEMISTRY-LAB-MANNUAL-2026

By -
Class 12 Chemistry Practical Syllabus

Class XII Chemistry Practical Examination

Evaluation Scheme (Total Marks: 30)

Component Marks
Volumetric Analysis08
Salt Analysis08
Content Based Experiment06
Project Work04
Class Record & Viva Voce04
Total30

Practical Syllabus

Micro-chemical methods are available for several practical experiments. Wherever possible, such techniques should be used.

A. Surface Chemistry

  • Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol
  • Dialysis of prepared sol
  • Role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing emulsions
Readings: Observation of sol formation, stability, color and dispersion medium.
Result: Lyophilic sols were found to be more stable than lyophobic sols.
Conclusion: Emulsifying agents increase stability by reducing surface tension.

B. Chemical Kinetics

  • Effect of concentration and temperature on rate of reaction between Na2S2O3 and HCl
  • Iodide–Hydrogen Peroxide reaction OR Clock reaction
Readings: Time taken for turbidity or color change at different concentrations.
Result: Rate of reaction increases with increase in concentration and temperature.
Conclusion: Reaction rate is directly proportional to concentration and temperature.

C. Thermochemistry

  • Enthalpy of dissolution
  • Enthalpy of neutralization
  • Hydrogen bond formation experiment
Readings: Temperature change before and after reaction.
Result: Neutralization reactions were exothermic.
Conclusion: Heat change confirms energy transfer during chemical reactions.

D. Electrochemistry

Variation of cell potential of Zn/Zn2+ || Cu2+/Cu with concentration.

Readings: EMF values recorded at different electrolyte concentrations.
Result: EMF decreased with decrease in ion concentration.
Conclusion: Cell potential depends on electrolyte concentration.

E. Chromatography

  • Separation of pigments
  • Determination of Rf values
Readings: Distance traveled by solute and solvent front.
Result: Different pigments showed different Rf values.
Conclusion: Chromatography effectively separates components based on affinity.

F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds

  • Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate / Potash Alum
  • Potassium Ferric Oxalate
Result: Crystalline inorganic compounds were successfully prepared.
Conclusion: Controlled crystallization improves purity.

G. Preparation of Organic Compounds

  • Acetanilide
  • Dibenzal Acetone
  • p-Nitroacetanilide
  • Aniline Yellow Dye
Readings: Melting point determination of prepared compound.
Result: Melting point matched standard values.
Conclusion: Purity of organic compound confirmed.

H. Functional Group Tests

Tests for unsaturation, alcohol, phenol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and amine.

I. Biomolecules Tests

Detection of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in food samples.

J. Volumetric Analysis

Determination of molarity of KMnO4 using Oxalic Acid or FAS.

Result: Concentration of KMnO4 solution was determined accurately.

K. Qualitative Analysis

Identification of one cation and one anion from the given salt.

Final Conclusion: Systematic qualitative analysis helps in accurate identification of ions.

Detailed Results of Chemistry Practical Experiments

Chemistry-Practical- Results


A. Surface Chemistry

1. Preparation of Lyophilic and Lyophobic Sol

Result: The lyophilic sol (starch/egg albumin/gum) formed a stable colloidal solution and did not coagulate on standing. The lyophobic sol (Fe(OH)₃/Al(OH)₃/As₂S₃) was less stable and showed coagulation on addition of electrolytes.

2. Dialysis of Sol

Result: Impurities and excess electrolytes were successfully removed from the sol through the parchment membrane, increasing the stability of the colloidal system.

3. Emulsion and Emulsifying Agents

Result: The emulsion prepared with emulsifying agents like soap or gum was more stable than the emulsion without emulsifiers.

B. Chemical Kinetics

1. Effect of Concentration and Temperature

Result: The rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid increased with increase in concentration and temperature, as indicated by faster appearance of turbidity.

2. Iodide–Hydrogen Peroxide / Clock Reaction

Result: Increase in iodide ion concentration reduced the time for color change, confirming that reaction rate depends on reactant concentration.

C. Thermochemistry

1. Enthalpy of Dissolution

Result: Dissolution of potassium nitrate absorbed heat (endothermic), while copper sulphate released heat (exothermic), as indicated by temperature change.

2. Enthalpy of Neutralization

Result: Neutralization of HCl with NaOH produced heat, confirming the reaction to be exothermic.

3. Hydrogen Bond Formation

Result: Heat was evolved during interaction between acetone and chloroform, indicating hydrogen bond formation.

D. Electrochemistry

Result: The EMF of Zn/Zn²⁺ || Cu²⁺/Cu cell decreased with decrease in electrolyte concentration, confirming dependence of cell potential on ion concentration.

E. Chromatography

1. Separation of Pigments

Result: Different pigments separated at different heights on chromatogram and showed distinct Rf values.

2. Inorganic Ion Separation

Result: Cations present in the mixture were successfully separated due to significant difference in their Rf values.

F. Preparation of Inorganic Compounds

Result: Pure crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate / potash alum / potassium ferric oxalate were obtained with proper shape and color.

G. Preparation of Organic Compounds

Result: The prepared organic compound was obtained in good yield. Its melting point was found close to the standard value, indicating high purity.

H. Functional Group Analysis

Result: The given organic compound showed positive tests for the identified functional group based on characteristic color change or precipitate formation.

I. Tests for Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins

Result: Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats were successfully identified using Molisch’s, Biuret and Sudan tests, respectively.

J. Volumetric Analysis

Result: The molarity of the KMnO₄ solution was determined accurately by titration against standard oxalic acid/ferrous ammonium sulfate solution.

K. Qualitative Analysis

Result: The given salt contained one cation and one anion which were identified correctly using systematic qualitative analysis.

Comments

Post a Comment

“✨ Have a question? Comment below or email me at abhishekupca@gmail.com” |

Popular posts from this blog

Daily-Horoscope-Shubh-Muhurta-Prediction

By -
Image
 Daily HOROSCOPE and Shubh muhurta colour Search your name initial  Click here to access the special offer!    Click Here Rashi (Hindu Name) English Name Associated Name Syllables / Sounds Mesha Aries Chu, Che, Cho, La, Li, Lu, Le, Lo, A (चू, चे, चो, ला, ली, लू, ले, लो, अ) Vrishabha Taurus I, U, E, O, Va, Vi, Vu, Ve, Vo (इ, उ, ए, ओ, वा, वी, वू, वे, वो) Mithuna Gemini Ka, Ki, Ku, Gha, Nga, Chha, Ke, Ko, Ha (का, की, कू, घ, ङ, छ, के, को, ह) Karka Cancer Hi, Hu, He, Ho, Da, Di, Du, De, Do (ही, हू, हे, हो, डा, डी, डू, डे, डो) Simha Leo Ma, Mi, Mu, Me, Mo, Ta, Ti, Tu, Te (मा, मी, मू, मे, मो, टा, टी, टू, टे) Kanya Virgo To, Pa, Pi, Pu, Sha, Na, Tha, Pe, Po (टो, पा, पी, पू, ष, ण, ठ, पे, पो) Tula Libra Ra, Ri, Ru, Re, Ro, Ta, Ti, Tu, Te (रा, री, रू, रे, रो, ता, ती, तू, ते) Vrishchika Scorpio To, Na, Ni, Nu, Ne, No, Ya, Yi, Yu (तो, ना, नी, नू, ने, नो, या, यी, यू) Dhanu Sagittarius Ye, Yo, Bha, Bhi, Bhu, Dha, Pha, Dha, Bhe (ये, यो, भा, भी, भू, धा, फा, ढा, भे) Makara ...
Read more

Astrology-Kundali|Palmistry|Face reading|Rashifal

By -
Image
  Get your kundali analysis and report in your budget.  Introduction  Kundali, palmistry, gives an idea about the birth details and behavior of the person. How will we pass his/her childhood? What will be his/her interest? How well he/she grasps the education. How much success will come?  Read the following sections to gain the knowledge. 1. Palmistry Palmistry is not a hypothetical term. It is a scientific study. It has been discussed since ancient times. Certain positions in the palm locate the position of the planets. The correct prediction of palmistry involves the minute-level visualization of the small lines in the palm. As the small finger is related to Mercury, the position of wisdom and logical ability. The ring finger is related to the position of the Sun, which is considered the lord of the planets; if it is not clear, then the luck and the career run very slowly.   The middle finger is related to Saturn, which gives honesty and justice an...
Read more

VEDIC-MATH-TIPS-TRICS-TO-SOLVE-COMPLEX-CALCULATION

By -
Image
Vedic Math - powerful tricks to get the solution in seconds 😲 Multiply Any 4-Digit Numbers in Seconds Using Vedic Math iframe sync Click Here Do you struggle with multiplying large numbers quickly? What if I told you that you can multiply 4-digit numbers in your head in seconds, without a calculator? With the ancient techniques of Vedic Math , even complex multiplications become simple, fast, and fun. Using the Urdhva Tiryak Sutra (Vertical and Crosswise), you can master shortcuts that make numbers feel like magic! Imagine multiplying 1234 × 5678 mentally and getting the answer in less than 10 seconds — it’s not only possible but also incredibly satisfying. This technique isn’t just for students; it’s perfect for anyone preparing for competitive exams, enhancing mental math skills, or just wanting to impress friends with lightning-fast calculations. The best part? Once you learn this method, you’ll never need a calculator for large multiplications again! To help you prac...
Read more